DEMOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF HYPERMETROPIA AT DISTRICT LOWER DIR, KHYBER-PAKHTUNKHWA PAKISTAN

Abstract

Background:
Hypermetropia (farsightedness) is one of the most common pediatric refractive errors,  often asymptomatic in early stages due to strong accommodative ability. Accurate detection and timely intervention are crucial to prevent complications such as  amblyopia and learning difficulties.
Objective:
This study aimed to determine the prevalence, distribution, and severity of  hypermetropia across age and gender groups in a youth-dominant population, and to  assess the impact of demographic and sociocultural factors on eye care access. 
Methods:
A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from September to November 2024  in both clinical (Eye OPD) and outreach (community eye camps) settings. A total of  336 participants aged 5–30 years were selected using stratified random sampling.  Cycloplegic refraction with 1% cyclopentolate was used to diagnose hypermetropia (≥  +0.50D), eliminating accommodative interference. Participants underwent  comprehensive eye examinations and completed structured questionnaires capturing  demographic and health data. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used for  analysis.
Results:
Hypermetropia was most prevalent in the 5–10 age group (28.87%) and declined  steadily with age, confirming its strong association with early ocular development. The  majority of cases were mild (54.17%), followed by moderate (28.27%) and high  hypermetropia (17.56%). While clinical management aligned with international  guidelines, a significant gender imbalance was observed—males constituted 57.74% of  the sample, pointing toward potential disparities in healthcare access. This trend may  reflect cultural and systemic factors influencing healthcare-seeking behavior.
Conclusion:
The study reaffirms that hypermetropia is predominantly a childhood condition and  emphasizes the importance of early screening, accurate diagnosis through cycloplegic  refraction, and prompt intervention. The overrepresentation of males highlights a  gender gap in service utilization, calling for targeted, equity-focused strategies in   pediatric eye care. Future research should explore qualitative and longitudinal 
dimensions to uncover deeper social determinants affecting refractive care delivery.