EVALUATION OF RENAL STONES IN DIABETIC AND NON-DIABETIC PATIENTS AND THEIR DIAGNOSIS THROUGH COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY IN THE REGION OF FAISALABAD

Abstract

Background: Kidney stones also called urolithiasis, are among the most frequent urinary tract problems after prostate enlargement and infections. Their burden is increasing worldwide and is particularly high in Pakistan. Diabetes mellitus has been identified as a factor that increases the risk of stone formation through changes in metabolism and urine composition. There is, however, limited research in the Faisalabad region comparing diabetic and non-diabetic patients. This study was designed to assess the pattern of renal stones in both groups and to evaluate the use of computed tomography (CT) for their diagnosis. Objective: To study the occurrence, size, and location of renal stones in diabetic and non-diabetic patients and to determine the role of CT KUB as a diagnostic tool. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 60 patients diagnosed with renal stones at District Headquarters Hospital, Faisalabad, between March and June 2024. Only patients above 18 years were enrolled. Information on age, gender, medical history, and other risk factors was collected through a structured questionnaire. Non-contrast CT KUB scans were carried out to confirm diagnosis, measure stone size, and identify related findings. Data were analyzed using SPSS v13 and descriptive statistics. Results: Stones were detected in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients, but their frequency was higher among diabetics. Stones were commonly seen in the left kidney and ureter, with sizes ranging from less than 3 mm to more than 20 mm. CT scans also showed complications such as hydronephrosis, staghorn stones, and ureteric dilatation. In diabetic patients, uric acid and mixed stones were more frequent due to metabolic disturbances. Incidental findings, including hepatic cysts and pleural effusion, were also noted.

Conclusion: This study shows that diabetes contributes significantly to the risk of kidney stone formation in the Faisalabad population. CT KUB was found to be a dependable method for detecting stones and related complications. Early identification through imaging and timely treatment can prevent long-term kidney damage. Preventive strategies, including dietary advice and lifestyle changes, should be emphasized. Further large-scale studies are recommended to better understand the underlying risk factors and develop effective preventive measures