INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: ADVANCES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an escalating global health threat that is driven by human health, agriculture, and veterinary medicine misuse and overuse of antibiotics. This article covers genetic mutations, horizontal gene transfer, and inappropriate antibiotic use are some of the components studied in the multifaceted causes and mechanisms responsible for AMR. Unusual approaches are listed, including phage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, and CRISPR-Cas systems, which might aid traditional antibiotics. Critical tools for minimizing misuse and enabling targeted treatments are precision diagnostics, including PCR assays, biosensors, and artificial intelligence. Synthetic biology and hybrid antibiotics, as well as novel small molecule inhibitors, are also stressed as a necessity to expand the antimicrobial arsenal. Central to the article's tone is the idea of integrative and policy-driven: of the One Health framework, including integration between human, animal, and environmental health. Examples of successful efforts include Sweden’s strong antibiotic legislation and others. The WHO and nations policies applied are global action plans with obvious challenges, especially in resource-constrained locations. The behaviors need to be shifted, and responsible antibiotic use promoted in public awareness campaigns, education programs, and community engagement. Future directions are in regard to the role of microbiome-based therapies, developing vaccines, and advanced infection prevention strategies. Proposed are collaborative research, incentivized funding models, and public-private partnerships that will accelerate innovation and ensure equitable access to treatments. It concludes that a holistic, interdisciplinary approach is needed to defeat AMR and calls for continued global collaboration and investment to counter AMR and protect the efficacy of life-saving treatments for future generations.