IDENTIFICATION AND ASSOCIATION OF RISK FACTORS FOR HEPATITIS B AND C IN FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN

Abstract

Hepatitis B and C pose significant public health challenges in Pakistan, with high prevalence rates linked to inadequate healthcare practices and limited awareness. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify the risk factors and epidemiological patterns of HBV and HCV among 200 patients (65% male, 35% female) aged 15–60 years at ABWA Hospital, Faisalabad, from March to June 2022. Participants diagnosed via ICT, ELISA, or PCR were interviewed using structured questionnaires to collect demographic, occupational, medical, and behavioral data. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v26. The results revealed an HBV prevalence of 56.5% (n=113), HCV prevalence of 31% (n=62), and co-infection of 12.5% (n=25). The 30–50 years age group had the highest infection rate (48.5%), with males (65%) and rural residents (61% HBV positivity) disproportionately affected. Occupational risks were notable: jobholders (63% HBV) and businessmen (55% HBV) showed elevated rates. Surgical history (85% of HBV in those with prior surgery) and needle injuries (82% of HBV) have emerged as major risk factors. Vaccinated individuals had lower HBV infection rates (53% vs. 61% in unvaccinated individuals). None of the cases was linked to sexual transmission. This study underscores the urgent need for targeted vaccination campaigns, improved infection control in medical settings, and public health education, particularly in rural and high-risk occupational groups. Addressing these gaps is critical for mitigating Pakistan’s hepatitis burden.