AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF BRAIN AGEING: DISEASE RISKS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES

Abstract

Throughout life, the human brain experiences dynamic changes that are impacted by a complex interaction of social, emotional, environmental, and biological factors. This review examines the complex neuroscience of ageing, highlighting the fact that brain ageing is a progressive and dynamic phenomenon rather than a passive process. Cognitive decline and a greater susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases are caused by structural and functional changes, such as cortical thinning, synapse dysfunction, hormone fluctuations, circadian disturbance, and neuroinflammation. Pathophysiological pathways including Proteinopathies, mitochondrial failure, and oxidative stress are shared by diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, frontotemporal dementia, and ALS. Lifelong neurocognitive trajectories are significantly influenced by sex-specific hormonal changes, as well as emotional and social development during adolescence. Further evidence that mitochondrial failure is a convergence point in neurodegeneration and neural instability comes from the increased prevalence of epilepsy in older populations. Developments in biomarker-based diagnostics, AI, and neuroimaging hold out hope for early detection and tailored treatment. In order to support cognitive longevity and quality of life in older adults, the review ends with strategic suggestions that prioritize early life treatments, circadian health, sex-specific research, integrated care models, and investment in cutting-edge neuroprotective medications.